Bryan Caplan, professor of economics at George Mason University, and author of The Case Against Education, says in his book that education often isn't so much about learning useful job skills, but about people showing off, or "signaling."

Today's employees often signal through continuous professional education (CPE) credits so that they can make a case for a promotion. L&D staff also signal their worth by meeting flawed KPIs, such as the total CPE credits employees earn, rather than focusing on the business impact created. The former is easier to measure, but flawed incentives beget flawed outcomes, such as the following:

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